What are epicardial collaterals?

Moderate recipient filling by collaterals is manifested by complete filling of epicardial side branches and partial filling of a major epicardial artery (the left main, left anterior descending artery, circumflex, large obtuse marginal, the right coronary artery, or the PDA).

What are venous collaterals?

The collateral veins consist of mediastinal connections between the innominate veins and the superior pulmonary veins through bronchial venous plexuses around the airways, hilar vessels, and pleura.

How do you assess collateral circulation?

The Allen test is a simple procedure that has demonstrated consistent and valid results in the assessment of collateral blood flow to the hand. It is performed by placing pressure to occlude the radial and ulnar arteries simultaneously for 20 seconds at the wrist.

When does collateral circulation develop?

Cardiologists have long been aware of the occurrence of large and often epicardial collateral vessels after total or subtotal occlusion of a major coronary artery (fig 1​). These usually become visible within two weeks following an occlusion, and they arise from preformed arterioles.

What happens when subclavian vein is blocked?

This tissue causes the vein to narrow and restrict blood flow, leading to the formation of blood clots. Left untreated, axillo-subclavian vein thrombosis can cause: Arm pain and fatigue. Arm swelling.

What causes caput medusae?

What Causes Caput Medusae? The appearance of swollen veins around your belly button is a symptom of circulatory issues. The root cause of caput medusae is portal hypertension, which is an increase in pressure in the portal vein. That’s the vein that moves blood from your digestive tract to your liver.

What comes first ischemia or infarction?

Causes of myocardial ischemia Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of plaques (atherosclerosis). If the plaques rupture, you can have a heart attack (myocardial infarction).

How does collateral circulation develop?

Contrary to the belief that collateral vessels develop over time in chronic stenotic condition, there exists a phenomenon that collateral circulation develops immediately in acute stenosis or occlusion of the arteries and it seems to be triggered by fluid shear stress, which occurs between the territories of stenotic/ …

What does a positive Allen’s test indicate?

A positive Allen test means that the patient likely does not have an adequate dual blood supply to the hand, which may present a contraindication to the planned procedure, or at least suggest that further evaluation is necessary.

What is a Grade 1 Rentrop?

Rentrop Grade 1. Collateral filling of branches of the vessel to be dilated without any dye reaching the epicardial segment of that vessel (ie, RCA injection showing retrograde filling of septal branches to their origin from the LAD, without visualization of the latter occluded artery).

What is moderate recipient filling by collaterals?

Moderate recipient filling by collaterals is manifested by complete filling of epicardial side branches and partial filling of a major epicardial artery (the left main, left anterior descending artery, circumflex, large obtuse marginal, the right coronary artery, or the PDA).

What are the characteristics of a well opacified collateral?

The collateral is well opacified and the column of dye is well defined (ie, >0.5 mm in diameter) but is <0.7 mm wide throughout the majority of its length. The collateral has clear antegrade dye motion. The collateral is well opacified, fills antegrade, and is very large. It is >0.7 mm in diameter throughout its entire length.

What is a Grade 2 collateral?

TIMI Grade 2 collaterals (minimal collaterals) are defined as collaterals resulting in faint opacification to a diameter not exceeding 1 mm in the occluded vessel or its branches, visualized distal to the obstruction in the occluded vessel supplying the area of the infarct.