What does Enterococcus gallinarum cause?

As an opportunistic pathogen, E. gallinarum mainly leads to nosocomial infections, including urinary tract, abdominal, biliary tract, and a small percentage of bloodstream infections. Patients who undergo invasive operations or are immunosuppressed are susceptible [3, 4]. Central nervous system infections caused by E.

What causes Enterococcus bacteremia?

Bacteremia happens when a bacterial infection spreads to your bloodstream. Many different kinds of infections lead to bacteremia, including those caused by E. faecalis, such as UTIs or wound infections.

Where is Enterococcus gallinarum found?

Motile enterococci, including E. gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus, are rarely encountered in human clinical specimens and are primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract in poultry, in foods, and in domestic fowls (1, 28).

What is E gallinarum?

Enterococcus gallinarum is a species of Enterococcus. E. gallinarum demonstrates an inherent, low-level resistance to vancomycin. Resistance is due to a chromosomal gene, vanC, which encodes for a terminal D-alanine-D-serine instead of the usual D-alanine-D-alanine in cell wall peptidoglycan precursor proteins.

What is the treatment for enterococcal infection?

Linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, is available orally and intravenously and is used to treat infections caused by E faecium and E faecalis strains, including VRE.

Is Enterococcus gallinarum a common flora in human gut?

Discussion and conclusions. Enterococcus gallinarum is normal flora in human and animal guts [ 1 ]. In recent years, with the increasing use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and invasive medical devices, infections caused by E. gallinarum have gradually increased, and multi-drug resistance has gained more and more attention.

Is Enterococcus gallinarum resistant to vancomycin?

Enterococcus gallinarum. That is a separate mechanism than the vancomycin resistance seen in VRE isolates of E. faecium and E. faecalis which is mediated by vanA or vanB. This species is known to cause clusters of infection, although it considered very rare. It is the only other known enterococcal species besides E. faecium and E.

Is Enterococcus gallinarum resistant to glycopeptides?

Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus flavescens are intrinsically resistant to low levels of glycopeptides by synthesis of modified peptidoglycan precursors ending in d-alanine-d-serine (d-Ala-d-Ser), for which glycopeptides have a low affinity, and by elimination of the d-Ala-d-Ala ending precursors.

What is the MIC of enterococcican gallinarum?

This allows E. gallinarum to demonstrate low-level resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC], 4 to 32 μg/mL) [19, 20]. Enterococcican develop resistance to our last resort antimicrobials used to treat glycopeptide and multidrug resistance (such as quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, daptomycin, and tigecycline) [19].